NCERT CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION Ch-10 || NEET notes || KVPY || NEET || class 11th

 

CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION Class 11th Ch-10 | NCERT | NEET 

POINTS TO REMEMBER

Cell cycle : The sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its genome,

synthesis the other constitutents of the cell and eventually divides into two

daughter cells.

Phases of cell cycle :

Interphase :

• G1 Phase: Cell metabolically active and grows continuously.

• S Phase : DNA synthesis occurs, DNA content increases from 2C to 4C.

 but the number of chromosomes remains some (2N).

• G2 Phase : Proteins are synthesised in preparation for mitosis while cell

growth continues.

M Phase (Mitosis Phase) : Starts with nuclear division, corresponding to

separation of daughter chromosomes (karyokinesis) and usually ends with divi-

sion of cytoplasm (cytokinesis).

Quiescent stage (G0

) : Cells that do not divide and exit G1

 phase to enter an

inactive stage called G0

. Cells at this stage remain metabolically active but

do not proliferate.

MITOSIS

Prophase : (i) Replicated chromosomes, each consisting of 2 chromatids,

condense and become visible.

(ii) Microtubules are assembled into mitotic spindle.

(iii) Nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear.

(iv) Centriole moves to opposite poles.

Metaphase : (i) Spindle fibres attached to kinetochores (small disc-shaped

structures at the surface of centromers) of chromosomes.

(ii) Chromosomes line up at the equator of the spindle to form metaphase

plate.

Anaphase : (i) Centromeres split and chromatids separate.

(ii) Chromatids move to opposite poles.

Telophase : (i) Chromosomes cluster at opposite poles.

(ii) Nuclear envelope assembles around chromosome

 cluster.

(iii) Nucleolus, golgi complex, ER reform.

Cytokinesis : Is the divison of protoplast of a cell into two daughter

cells after Karyokinesis (nuclear division).

Animal cytokinesis : Appearance of furrow in plasma membrane which

deepens and joins in the centre dividing cell

cytoplasm into two.

Plant cytokinesis : Formation of new cell wall begins with the

formation of a simple precursor − cell plate which

represents the middle lamella between the walls

of two adjacent cells.

Significance of Mitosis :

1. Growth − addition of cells.

2. Maintenance of surface/volume ratio.

3. Maintenance of chromosome number.

4. Regeneration.

5. Reproduction in unicellular organism.

6. Repair and wound healing.

Meiosis :

• Specialised kind of cell division that reduces the chromosome num-

ber by half, resulting in formation of 4 haploid daughter cells.

• Occurs during gametogenesis in plants and animals.

• Involves two sequential cycles of nuclear and cell division called

Meiosis I and Meiosis II.

• Interphase occurs prior to meiosis which is similar to interphase of

mitosis except the S phase is prolonged.

• 4 haploid daughter cells are formed.

Meiosis I

Prophase I : Subdivided into 5 phases.

Leptotene :

• Chromosomes make their as single stranded structures.

• Compaction of chromosomes continues.

Zygotene :

• Homologous chromosomes start pairing and this process of associa-

tion is called synapsis.

• Chromosomal synapsis is accompanied by formation of synaptone-

mal complex.

• Complex formed by a pair of synapsed homologous chromosomes is

called bivalent or tetrad.

Pachytene : Crossing over occurs between non-sister chromatids of ho-

mologous chromosomes.

Diplotene : Dissolution of synaptonemal complex occurs and the recom-

bined chromosomes separate from each other except at the sites of crossing

over. These X-shaped structures are called chaismata.

Diakinesis : • Terminalisation of chaismata.

• Chromosomes are fully condensed and meiotic spindles assembled.

• Nucleolus disappear and nuclear envelope breaks down.

Metaphase I : • Bivalent chromosomes align on the equatorial plate.

• Microtubules from opposite poles of the spindle attach to the pair of

homologous chromosomes.

Anaphase I : Homologous chromosomes separate while chromatids re-

main associated at their centromeres.

Telophase I :

• Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear.

• Cytokinesis follows (diad of cells).

Interkinesis : Stage between two meiotic divisions. (meiosis I and

meiosis II)

Meiosis II

Prophase II

• Nuclear membrane disappears.

• Chromosomes become compact.

Metaphase II

• Chromosomes align at the equator.

• Microtubules from opposite poles of spindle get attached to kineto-

chores of sister chromatids.

Anaphase II

• Simultaneous splitting of the centromere of each chromosome, al-

lowing them to move towards opposite poles of the cell.

Telophase II

• Two groups of chromosomes get enclosed by a nuclear envelope.

• Cytokinesis follows resulting in the formation of tetrad of cells i.e., 4

haploid cells.

Significance of Meiosis

1. Formation of gametes : In sexually reproducing organisms.

2. Genetic variability

3. Maintenance of chromosomal number : By reducing the chromosome

number in gametes. Chromosomal number is restored by fertilisation of gametes.

QUESTIONS

Very Short Answer Questions (1 mark each)

1. What are kinetochores ?

2. What is interkinesis ?

3. Why is mitosis called equational division ?

4. Name the stage of meiosis during which synaptonemal complex is formed.

5. What is G0

 phase of cell cycle ?

Short Answer Questions-II (2 marks each)

6. Differentiate between cytokinesis of plant and animal cell.

7. What is chaismata ? State its significance.

8. What happens during S phase of interphase ?

9. Distinguish between metaphase of mitosis and metaphase I of meiosis.

Short Answer Questions-I (3 marks each)

10. Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis.

11. List the significance of mitosis.

12. Describe the following :

(a) Synapase

(b) Bivalent

(c) Leptotene

Long Answer Questions (5 marks each)

13. With the help of labelled diagram, explain the following :

(a) Diplotene

(b) Anaphase of mitosis

(c) Prophase I

14. What is cell cycle ? Explain the events occuring in this cycle.

ANSWERS

Very Short Answers (1 mark)

1. Small disc-shaped structure at the surface of the centromeres.

2. The stage between two meiotic divisions.

3. The chromosome number in daughter cells is equal to that of the parent cell.

4. Zygotene.

5. Cells which enter a stage where they are metabolically active but no longer

proliferate.

Short Answers-II (2 marks)

6. Refer ‘Points to Remember’.

7. Refer ‘Points to Remember’.

8. Refer ‘Points to Remember’.

9. 

Short Answers-II (2 marks)

10. Refer ‘Points to Remember’.

11. Refer ‘Points to Remember’.

12. Refer ‘Points to Remember’.

Short Answers-II (2 marks)

13. Refer ‘Points to Remember’.

14. Refer ‘Points to Remember’.